linera_service/cli_wrappers/

wallet.rs

// Copyright (c) Zefchain Labs, Inc.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    collections::BTreeMap,
    env,
    marker::PhantomData,
    mem,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    pin::Pin,
    process::Stdio,
    str::FromStr,
    sync,
    time::Duration,
};

use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context, Result};
use async_graphql::InputType;
use async_tungstenite::tungstenite::{client::IntoClientRequest as _, http::HeaderValue};
use futures::{SinkExt as _, Stream, StreamExt as _, TryStreamExt as _};
use heck::ToKebabCase;
use linera_base::{
    abi::ContractAbi,
    command::{resolve_binary, CommandExt},
    crypto::{CryptoHash, InMemorySigner},
    data_types::{Amount, ApplicationPermissions, BlockHeight, Bytecode, Epoch},
    identifiers::{
        Account, AccountOwner, ApplicationId, ChainId, IndexAndEvent, ModuleId, StreamId,
    },
    vm::VmRuntime,
};
use linera_client::client_options::ResourceControlPolicyConfig;
use linera_core::worker::Notification;
use linera_faucet_client::Faucet;
use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, ser::Serialize};
use serde_command_opts::to_args;
use serde_json::{json, Value};
use tempfile::TempDir;
use tokio::{
    io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader},
    process::{Child, Command},
    sync::oneshot,
    task::JoinHandle,
};
#[cfg(with_testing)]
use {
    futures::FutureExt as _,
    linera_core::worker::Reason,
    std::{collections::BTreeSet, future::Future},
};

use crate::{
    cli::command::BenchmarkCommand,
    cli_wrappers::{
        local_net::{PathProvider, ProcessInbox},
        Network,
    },
    util::{self, ChildExt},
    Wallet,
};

/// The name of the environment variable that allows specifying additional arguments to be passed
/// to the node-service command of the client.
const CLIENT_SERVICE_ENV: &str = "LINERA_CLIENT_SERVICE_PARAMS";

fn reqwest_client() -> reqwest::Client {
    reqwest::ClientBuilder::new()
        .timeout(Duration::from_secs(60))
        .build()
        .unwrap()
}

/// Wrapper to run a Linera client command.
pub struct ClientWrapper {
    binary_path: sync::Mutex<Option<PathBuf>>,
    testing_prng_seed: Option<u64>,
    storage: String,
    wallet: String,
    keystore: String,
    max_pending_message_bundles: usize,
    network: Network,
    pub path_provider: PathProvider,
    on_drop: OnClientDrop,
    extra_args: Vec<String>,
}

/// Action to perform when the [`ClientWrapper`] is dropped.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum OnClientDrop {
    /// Close all the chains on the wallet.
    CloseChains,
    /// Do not close any chains, leaving them active.
    LeakChains,
}

impl ClientWrapper {
    pub fn new(
        path_provider: PathProvider,
        network: Network,
        testing_prng_seed: Option<u64>,
        id: usize,
        on_drop: OnClientDrop,
    ) -> Self {
        Self::new_with_extra_args(
            path_provider,
            network,
            testing_prng_seed,
            id,
            on_drop,
            vec!["--wait-for-outgoing-messages".to_string()],
            None,
        )
    }

    pub fn new_with_extra_args(
        path_provider: PathProvider,
        network: Network,
        testing_prng_seed: Option<u64>,
        id: usize,
        on_drop: OnClientDrop,
        extra_args: Vec<String>,
        binary_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
    ) -> Self {
        let storage = format!(
            "rocksdb:{}/client_{}.db",
            path_provider.path().display(),
            id
        );
        let wallet = format!("wallet_{}.json", id);
        let keystore = format!("keystore_{}.json", id);
        let binary_path = binary_dir.map(|dir| dir.join("linera"));
        Self {
            binary_path: sync::Mutex::new(binary_path),
            testing_prng_seed,
            storage,
            wallet,
            keystore,
            max_pending_message_bundles: 10_000,
            network,
            path_provider,
            on_drop,
            extra_args,
        }
    }

    /// Runs `linera project new`.
    pub async fn project_new(&self, project_name: &str, linera_root: &Path) -> Result<TempDir> {
        let tmp = TempDir::new()?;
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .current_dir(tmp.path())
            .arg("project")
            .arg("new")
            .arg(project_name)
            .arg("--linera-root")
            .arg(linera_root)
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(tmp)
    }

    /// Runs `linera project publish`.
    pub async fn project_publish<T: Serialize>(
        &self,
        path: PathBuf,
        required_application_ids: Vec<String>,
        publisher: impl Into<Option<ChainId>>,
        argument: &T,
    ) -> Result<String> {
        let json_parameters = serde_json::to_string(&())?;
        let json_argument = serde_json::to_string(argument)?;
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("project")
            .arg("publish-and-create")
            .arg(path)
            .args(publisher.into().iter().map(ChainId::to_string))
            .args(["--json-parameters", &json_parameters])
            .args(["--json-argument", &json_argument]);
        if !required_application_ids.is_empty() {
            command.arg("--required-application-ids");
            command.args(required_application_ids);
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(stdout.trim().to_string())
    }

    /// Runs `linera project test`.
    pub async fn project_test(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await
            .context("failed to create project test command")?
            .current_dir(path)
            .arg("project")
            .arg("test")
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn command_with_envs_and_arguments(
        &self,
        envs: &[(&str, &str)],
        arguments: impl IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'_, str>>,
    ) -> Result<Command> {
        let mut command = self.command_binary().await?;
        command.current_dir(self.path_provider.path());
        for (key, value) in envs {
            command.env(key, value);
        }
        for argument in arguments {
            command.arg(&*argument);
        }
        Ok(command)
    }

    async fn command_with_envs(&self, envs: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Result<Command> {
        self.command_with_envs_and_arguments(envs, self.command_arguments())
            .await
    }

    async fn command_with_arguments(
        &self,
        arguments: impl IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'_, str>>,
    ) -> Result<Command> {
        self.command_with_envs_and_arguments(
            &[(
                "RUST_LOG",
                &std::env::var("RUST_LOG").unwrap_or_else(|_| String::from("linera=debug")),
            )],
            arguments,
        )
        .await
    }

    async fn command(&self) -> Result<Command> {
        self.command_with_envs(&[(
            "RUST_LOG",
            &std::env::var("RUST_LOG").unwrap_or_else(|_| String::from("linera=debug")),
        )])
        .await
    }

    fn required_command_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Cow<'_, str>> + '_ {
        [
            "--wallet".into(),
            self.wallet.as_str().into(),
            "--keystore".into(),
            self.keystore.as_str().into(),
            "--storage".into(),
            self.storage.as_str().into(),
            "--send-timeout-ms".into(),
            "500000".into(),
            "--recv-timeout-ms".into(),
            "500000".into(),
        ]
        .into_iter()
        .chain(self.extra_args.iter().map(|s| s.as_str().into()))
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over the arguments that should be added to all command invocations.
    fn command_arguments(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Cow<'_, str>> + '_ {
        self.required_command_arguments().chain([
            "--max-pending-message-bundles".into(),
            self.max_pending_message_bundles.to_string().into(),
        ])
    }

    /// Returns the [`Command`] instance configured to run the appropriate binary.
    ///
    /// The path is resolved once and cached inside `self` for subsequent usages.
    async fn command_binary(&self) -> Result<Command> {
        match self.command_with_cached_binary_path() {
            Some(command) => Ok(command),
            None => {
                let resolved_path = resolve_binary("linera", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME")).await?;
                let command = Command::new(&resolved_path);

                self.set_cached_binary_path(resolved_path);

                Ok(command)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns a [`Command`] instance configured with the cached `binary_path`, if available.
    fn command_with_cached_binary_path(&self) -> Option<Command> {
        let binary_path = self.binary_path.lock().unwrap();

        binary_path.as_ref().map(Command::new)
    }

    /// Sets the cached `binary_path` with the `new_binary_path`.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// If the cache is already set to a different value. In theory the two threads calling
    /// `command_binary` can race and resolve the binary path twice, but they should always be the
    /// same path.
    fn set_cached_binary_path(&self, new_binary_path: PathBuf) {
        let mut binary_path = self.binary_path.lock().unwrap();

        if binary_path.is_none() {
            *binary_path = Some(new_binary_path);
        } else {
            assert_eq!(*binary_path, Some(new_binary_path));
        }
    }

    /// Runs `linera create-genesis-config`.
    pub async fn create_genesis_config(
        &self,
        num_other_initial_chains: u32,
        initial_funding: Amount,
        policy_config: ResourceControlPolicyConfig,
        http_allow_list: Option<Vec<String>>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .args([
                "create-genesis-config",
                &num_other_initial_chains.to_string(),
            ])
            .args(["--initial-funding", &initial_funding.to_string()])
            .args(["--committee", "committee.json"])
            .args(["--genesis", "genesis.json"])
            .args([
                "--policy-config",
                &policy_config.to_string().to_kebab_case(),
            ]);
        if let Some(allow_list) = http_allow_list {
            command
                .arg("--http-request-allow-list")
                .arg(allow_list.join(","));
        }
        if let Some(seed) = self.testing_prng_seed {
            command.arg("--testing-prng-seed").arg(seed.to_string());
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet init`. The genesis config is read from `genesis.json`, or from the
    /// faucet if provided.
    pub async fn wallet_init(&self, faucet: Option<&'_ Faucet>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.args(["wallet", "init"]);
        match faucet {
            None => command.args(["--genesis", "genesis.json"]),
            Some(faucet) => command.args(["--faucet", faucet.url()]),
        };
        if let Some(seed) = self.testing_prng_seed {
            command.arg("--testing-prng-seed").arg(seed.to_string());
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet request-chain`.
    pub async fn request_chain(
        &self,
        faucet: &Faucet,
        set_default: bool,
    ) -> Result<(ChainId, AccountOwner)> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.args(["wallet", "request-chain", "--faucet", faucet.url()]);
        if set_default {
            command.arg("--set-default");
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        let mut lines = stdout.split_whitespace();
        let chain_id: ChainId = lines.next().context("missing chain ID")?.parse()?;
        let owner = lines.next().context("missing chain owner")?.parse()?;
        Ok((chain_id, owner))
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet publish-and-create`.
    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn publish_and_create<
        A: ContractAbi,
        Parameters: Serialize,
        InstantiationArgument: Serialize,
    >(
        &self,
        contract: PathBuf,
        service: PathBuf,
        vm_runtime: VmRuntime,
        parameters: &Parameters,
        argument: &InstantiationArgument,
        required_application_ids: &[ApplicationId],
        publisher: impl Into<Option<ChainId>>,
    ) -> Result<ApplicationId<A>> {
        let json_parameters = serde_json::to_string(parameters)?;
        let json_argument = serde_json::to_string(argument)?;
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        let vm_runtime = format!("{}", vm_runtime);
        command
            .arg("publish-and-create")
            .args([contract, service])
            .args(["--vm-runtime", &vm_runtime.to_lowercase()])
            .args(publisher.into().iter().map(ChainId::to_string))
            .args(["--json-parameters", &json_parameters])
            .args(["--json-argument", &json_argument]);
        if !required_application_ids.is_empty() {
            command.arg("--required-application-ids");
            command.args(
                required_application_ids
                    .iter()
                    .map(ApplicationId::to_string),
            );
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(stdout.trim().parse::<ApplicationId>()?.with_abi())
    }

    /// Runs `linera publish-module`.
    pub async fn publish_module<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>(
        &self,
        contract: PathBuf,
        service: PathBuf,
        vm_runtime: VmRuntime,
        publisher: impl Into<Option<ChainId>>,
    ) -> Result<ModuleId<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>> {
        let stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("publish-module")
            .args([contract, service])
            .args(["--vm-runtime", &format!("{}", vm_runtime).to_lowercase()])
            .args(publisher.into().iter().map(ChainId::to_string))
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        let module_id: ModuleId = stdout.trim().parse()?;
        Ok(module_id.with_abi())
    }

    /// Runs `linera create-application`.
    pub async fn create_application<
        Abi: ContractAbi,
        Parameters: Serialize,
        InstantiationArgument: Serialize,
    >(
        &self,
        module_id: &ModuleId<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>,
        parameters: &Parameters,
        argument: &InstantiationArgument,
        required_application_ids: &[ApplicationId],
        creator: impl Into<Option<ChainId>>,
    ) -> Result<ApplicationId<Abi>> {
        let json_parameters = serde_json::to_string(parameters)?;
        let json_argument = serde_json::to_string(argument)?;
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("create-application")
            .arg(module_id.forget_abi().to_string())
            .args(["--json-parameters", &json_parameters])
            .args(["--json-argument", &json_argument])
            .args(creator.into().iter().map(ChainId::to_string));
        if !required_application_ids.is_empty() {
            command.arg("--required-application-ids");
            command.args(
                required_application_ids
                    .iter()
                    .map(ApplicationId::to_string),
            );
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(stdout.trim().parse::<ApplicationId>()?.with_abi())
    }

    /// Runs `linera service`.
    pub async fn run_node_service(
        &self,
        port: impl Into<Option<u16>>,
        process_inbox: ProcessInbox,
    ) -> Result<NodeService> {
        self.run_node_service_with_options(port, process_inbox, &[], &[], false)
            .await
    }

    /// Runs `linera service` with optional task processor configuration.
    pub async fn run_node_service_with_options(
        &self,
        port: impl Into<Option<u16>>,
        process_inbox: ProcessInbox,
        operator_application_ids: &[ApplicationId],
        operators: &[(String, PathBuf)],
        read_only: bool,
    ) -> Result<NodeService> {
        self.run_node_service_with_all_options(
            port,
            process_inbox,
            operator_application_ids,
            operators,
            read_only,
            &[],
            &[],
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Runs `linera service` with all available options.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub async fn run_node_service_with_all_options(
        &self,
        port: impl Into<Option<u16>>,
        process_inbox: ProcessInbox,
        operator_application_ids: &[ApplicationId],
        operators: &[(String, PathBuf)],
        read_only: bool,
        allowed_subscriptions: &[String],
        subscription_ttls: &[(String, u64)],
    ) -> Result<NodeService> {
        let port = port.into().unwrap_or(8080);
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("service");
        if let ProcessInbox::Skip = process_inbox {
            command.arg("--listener-skip-process-inbox");
        }
        if let Ok(var) = env::var(CLIENT_SERVICE_ENV) {
            command.args(var.split_whitespace());
        }
        for app_id in operator_application_ids {
            command.args(["--operator-application-ids", &app_id.to_string()]);
        }
        for (name, path) in operators {
            command.args(["--operators", &format!("{}={}", name, path.display())]);
        }
        if read_only {
            command.arg("--read-only");
        }
        for query in allowed_subscriptions {
            command.args(["--allow-subscription", query]);
        }
        for (name, secs) in subscription_ttls {
            command.args(["--subscription-ttl-secs", &format!("{name}={secs}")]);
        }
        let child = command
            .args(["--port".to_string(), port.to_string()])
            .spawn_into()?;
        let client = reqwest_client();
        for i in 0..10 {
            linera_base::time::timer::sleep(Duration::from_secs(i)).await;
            let request = client
                .get(format!("http://localhost:{}/", port))
                .send()
                .await;
            if request.is_ok() {
                tracing::info!("Node service has started");
                return Ok(NodeService::new(port, child));
            } else {
                tracing::warn!("Waiting for node service to start");
            }
        }
        bail!("Failed to start node service");
    }

    /// Runs `linera service` with a controller application.
    pub async fn run_node_service_with_controller(
        &self,
        port: impl Into<Option<u16>>,
        process_inbox: ProcessInbox,
        controller_id: &ApplicationId,
        operators: &[(String, PathBuf)],
    ) -> Result<NodeService> {
        let port = port.into().unwrap_or(8080);
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("service");
        if let ProcessInbox::Skip = process_inbox {
            command.arg("--listener-skip-process-inbox");
        }
        if let Ok(var) = env::var(CLIENT_SERVICE_ENV) {
            command.args(var.split_whitespace());
        }
        command.args(["--controller-id", &controller_id.to_string()]);
        for (name, path) in operators {
            command.args(["--operators", &format!("{}={}", name, path.display())]);
        }
        let child = command
            .args(["--port".to_string(), port.to_string()])
            .spawn_into()?;
        let client = reqwest_client();
        for i in 0..10 {
            linera_base::time::timer::sleep(Duration::from_secs(i)).await;
            let request = client
                .get(format!("http://localhost:{}/", port))
                .send()
                .await;
            if request.is_ok() {
                tracing::info!("Node service has started");
                return Ok(NodeService::new(port, child));
            } else {
                tracing::warn!("Waiting for node service to start");
            }
        }
        bail!("Failed to start node service");
    }

    /// Runs `linera validator query`
    pub async fn query_validator(&self, address: &str) -> Result<CryptoHash> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("validator").arg("query").arg(address);
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;

        // Parse the genesis config hash from the output.
        // It's on a line like "Genesis config hash: <hash>"
        let hash = stdout
            .lines()
            .find_map(|line| {
                line.strip_prefix("Genesis config hash: ")
                    .and_then(|hash_str| hash_str.trim().parse().ok())
            })
            .context("error while parsing the result of `linera validator query`")?;
        Ok(hash)
    }

    /// Runs `linera validator list`.
    pub async fn query_validators(&self, chain_id: Option<ChainId>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("validator").arg("list");
        if let Some(chain_id) = chain_id {
            command.args(["--chain-id", &chain_id.to_string()]);
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera sync-validator`.
    pub async fn sync_validator(
        &self,
        chain_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = &ChainId>,
        validator_address: impl Into<String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("validator")
            .arg("sync")
            .arg(validator_address.into());
        let mut chain_ids = chain_ids.into_iter().peekable();
        if chain_ids.peek().is_some() {
            command
                .arg("--chains")
                .args(chain_ids.map(ChainId::to_string));
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera faucet`.
    pub async fn run_faucet(
        &self,
        port: impl Into<Option<u16>>,
        chain_id: Option<ChainId>,
        amount: Amount,
    ) -> Result<FaucetService> {
        let port = port.into().unwrap_or(8080);
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()
            .context("Failed to create temporary directory for faucet storage")?;
        let storage_path = temp_dir.path().join("faucet_storage.sqlite");
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        let command = command
            .arg("faucet")
            .args(["--port".to_string(), port.to_string()])
            .args(["--amount".to_string(), amount.to_string()])
            .args([
                "--storage-path".to_string(),
                storage_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
            ]);
        if let Some(chain_id) = chain_id {
            command.arg(chain_id.to_string());
        }
        let child = command.spawn_into()?;
        let client = reqwest_client();
        for i in 0..10 {
            linera_base::time::timer::sleep(Duration::from_secs(i)).await;
            let request = client
                .get(format!("http://localhost:{}/", port))
                .send()
                .await;
            if request.is_ok() {
                tracing::info!("Faucet has started");
                return Ok(FaucetService::new(port, child, temp_dir));
            } else {
                tracing::debug!("Waiting for faucet to start");
            }
        }
        bail!("Failed to start faucet");
    }

    /// Runs `linera local-balance`.
    pub async fn local_balance(&self, account: Account) -> Result<Amount> {
        let stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("local-balance")
            .arg(account.to_string())
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        let amount = stdout
            .trim()
            .parse()
            .context("error while parsing the result of `linera local-balance`")?;
        Ok(amount)
    }

    /// Runs `linera query-balance`.
    pub async fn query_balance(&self, account: Account) -> Result<Amount> {
        let stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("query-balance")
            .arg(account.to_string())
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        let amount = stdout
            .trim()
            .parse()
            .context("error while parsing the result of `linera query-balance`")?;
        Ok(amount)
    }

    /// Runs `linera query-application` and parses the JSON result.
    pub async fn query_application_json<T: DeserializeOwned>(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        application_id: ApplicationId,
        query: impl AsRef<str>,
    ) -> Result<T> {
        let query = query.as_ref().trim();
        let name = query
            .split_once(|ch: char| !ch.is_alphanumeric())
            .map_or(query, |(name, _)| name);
        let stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("query-application")
            .arg("--chain-id")
            .arg(chain_id.to_string())
            .arg("--application-id")
            .arg(application_id.to_string())
            .arg(query)
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        let data: serde_json::Value =
            serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).context("invalid JSON from query-application")?;
        serde_json::from_value(data[name].clone())
            .with_context(|| format!("{name} field missing in query-application response"))
    }

    /// Runs `linera sync`.
    pub async fn sync(&self, chain_id: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("sync")
            .arg(chain_id.to_string())
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera process-inbox`.
    pub async fn process_inbox(&self, chain_id: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("process-inbox")
            .arg(chain_id.to_string())
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera transfer`.
    pub async fn transfer(&self, amount: Amount, from: ChainId, to: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("transfer")
            .arg(amount.to_string())
            .args(["--from", &from.to_string()])
            .args(["--to", &to.to_string()])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera transfer` with no logging.
    pub async fn transfer_with_silent_logs(
        &self,
        amount: Amount,
        from: ChainId,
        to: ChainId,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .env("RUST_LOG", "off")
            .arg("transfer")
            .arg(amount.to_string())
            .args(["--from", &from.to_string()])
            .args(["--to", &to.to_string()])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera transfer` with owner accounts.
    pub async fn transfer_with_accounts(
        &self,
        amount: Amount,
        from: Account,
        to: Account,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("transfer")
            .arg(amount.to_string())
            .args(["--from", &from.to_string()])
            .args(["--to", &to.to_string()])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn benchmark_command_internal(command: &mut Command, args: &BenchmarkCommand) -> Result<()> {
        let mut formatted_args = to_args(&args)?;
        let subcommand = formatted_args.remove(0);
        // The subcommand is followed by the flattened options, which are preceded by "options".
        // So remove that as well.
        formatted_args.remove(0);
        let options = formatted_args
            .chunks_exact(2)
            .flat_map(|pair| {
                let option = format!("--{}", pair[0]);
                match pair[1].as_str() {
                    "true" => vec![option],
                    "false" => vec![],
                    _ => vec![option, pair[1].clone()],
                }
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        command
            .args([
                "--max-pending-message-bundles",
                &args.transactions_per_block().to_string(),
            ])
            .arg("benchmark")
            .arg(subcommand)
            .args(options);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn benchmark_command_with_envs(
        &self,
        args: BenchmarkCommand,
        envs: &[(&str, &str)],
    ) -> Result<Command> {
        let mut command = self
            .command_with_envs_and_arguments(envs, self.required_command_arguments())
            .await?;
        Self::benchmark_command_internal(&mut command, &args)?;
        Ok(command)
    }

    async fn benchmark_command(&self, args: BenchmarkCommand) -> Result<Command> {
        let mut command = self
            .command_with_arguments(self.required_command_arguments())
            .await?;
        Self::benchmark_command_internal(&mut command, &args)?;
        Ok(command)
    }

    /// Runs `linera benchmark`.
    pub async fn benchmark(&self, args: BenchmarkCommand) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.benchmark_command(args).await?;
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera benchmark`, but detached: don't wait for the command to finish, just spawn it
    /// and return the child process, and the handles to the stdout and stderr.
    pub async fn benchmark_detached(
        &self,
        args: BenchmarkCommand,
        tx: oneshot::Sender<()>,
    ) -> Result<(Child, JoinHandle<()>, JoinHandle<()>)> {
        let mut child = self
            .benchmark_command_with_envs(args, &[("RUST_LOG", "linera=info")])
            .await?
            .kill_on_drop(true)
            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
            .spawn()?;

        let pid = child.id().expect("failed to get pid");
        let stdout = child.stdout.take().expect("stdout not open");
        let stdout_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut lines = BufReader::new(stdout).lines();
            while let Ok(Some(line)) = lines.next_line().await {
                println!("benchmark{{pid={pid}}} {line}");
            }
        });

        let stderr = child.stderr.take().expect("stderr not open");
        let stderr_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut lines = BufReader::new(stderr).lines();
            let mut tx = Some(tx);
            while let Ok(Some(line)) = lines.next_line().await {
                if line.contains("Ready to start benchmark") {
                    tx.take()
                        .expect("Should only send signal once")
                        .send(())
                        .expect("failed to send ready signal to main thread");
                } else {
                    println!("benchmark{{pid={pid}}} {line}");
                }
            }
        });
        Ok((child, stdout_handle, stderr_handle))
    }

    async fn open_chain_internal(
        &self,
        from: ChainId,
        owner: Option<AccountOwner>,
        initial_balance: Amount,
        super_owner: bool,
    ) -> Result<(ChainId, AccountOwner)> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("open-chain")
            .args(["--from", &from.to_string()])
            .args(["--initial-balance", &initial_balance.to_string()]);

        if let Some(owner) = owner {
            command.args(["--owner", &owner.to_string()]);
        }

        if super_owner {
            command.arg("--super-owner");
        }

        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        let mut split = stdout.split('\n');
        let chain_id = ChainId::from_str(split.next().context("no chain ID in output")?)?;
        let new_owner = AccountOwner::from_str(split.next().context("no owner in output")?)?;
        if let Some(owner) = owner {
            assert_eq!(owner, new_owner);
        }
        Ok((chain_id, new_owner))
    }

    /// Runs `linera open-chain --super-owner`.
    pub async fn open_chain_super_owner(
        &self,
        from: ChainId,
        owner: Option<AccountOwner>,
        initial_balance: Amount,
    ) -> Result<(ChainId, AccountOwner)> {
        self.open_chain_internal(from, owner, initial_balance, true)
            .await
    }

    /// Runs `linera open-chain`.
    pub async fn open_chain(
        &self,
        from: ChainId,
        owner: Option<AccountOwner>,
        initial_balance: Amount,
    ) -> Result<(ChainId, AccountOwner)> {
        self.open_chain_internal(from, owner, initial_balance, false)
            .await
    }

    /// Runs `linera open-chain` then `linera assign`.
    pub async fn open_and_assign(
        &self,
        client: &ClientWrapper,
        initial_balance: Amount,
    ) -> Result<ChainId> {
        let our_chain = self
            .load_wallet()?
            .default_chain()
            .context("no default chain found")?;
        let owner = client.keygen().await?;
        let (new_chain, _) = self
            .open_chain(our_chain, Some(owner), initial_balance)
            .await?;
        client.assign(owner, new_chain).await?;
        Ok(new_chain)
    }

    pub async fn open_multi_owner_chain(
        &self,
        from: ChainId,
        owners: BTreeMap<AccountOwner, u64>,
        multi_leader_rounds: u32,
        balance: Amount,
        base_timeout_ms: u64,
    ) -> Result<ChainId> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("open-multi-owner-chain")
            .args(["--from", &from.to_string()])
            .arg("--owners")
            .arg(serde_json::to_string(&owners)?)
            .args(["--base-timeout-ms", &base_timeout_ms.to_string()]);
        command
            .args(["--multi-leader-rounds", &multi_leader_rounds.to_string()])
            .args(["--initial-balance", &balance.to_string()]);

        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        let mut split = stdout.split('\n');
        let chain_id = ChainId::from_str(split.next().context("no chain ID in output")?)?;

        Ok(chain_id)
    }

    pub async fn change_ownership(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        super_owners: Vec<AccountOwner>,
        owners: Vec<AccountOwner>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("change-ownership")
            .args(["--chain-id", &chain_id.to_string()]);
        command
            .arg("--super-owners")
            .arg(serde_json::to_string(&super_owners)?);
        command.arg("--owners").arg(serde_json::to_string(
            &owners
                .into_iter()
                .zip(std::iter::repeat(100u64))
                .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>(),
        )?);
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn change_application_permissions(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        application_permissions: ApplicationPermissions,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .arg("change-application-permissions")
            .args(["--chain-id", &chain_id.to_string()]);
        command.arg("--manage-chain").arg(serde_json::to_string(
            &application_permissions.manage_chain,
        )?);
        // TODO: add other fields
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet follow-chain CHAIN_ID`.
    pub async fn follow_chain(&self, chain_id: ChainId, sync: bool) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .args(["wallet", "follow-chain"])
            .arg(chain_id.to_string());
        if sync {
            command.arg("--sync");
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet forget-chain CHAIN_ID`.
    pub async fn forget_chain(&self, chain_id: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .args(["wallet", "forget-chain"])
            .arg(chain_id.to_string());
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera wallet set-default CHAIN_ID`.
    pub async fn set_default_chain(&self, chain_id: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command
            .args(["wallet", "set-default"])
            .arg(chain_id.to_string());
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn retry_pending_block(
        &self,
        chain_id: Option<ChainId>,
    ) -> Result<Option<CryptoHash>> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("retry-pending-block");
        if let Some(chain_id) = chain_id {
            command.arg(chain_id.to_string());
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        let stdout = stdout.trim();
        if stdout.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Ok(Some(CryptoHash::from_str(stdout)?))
        }
    }

    /// Runs `linera publish-data-blob`.
    pub async fn publish_data_blob(
        &self,
        path: &Path,
        chain_id: Option<ChainId>,
    ) -> Result<CryptoHash> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("publish-data-blob").arg(path);
        if let Some(chain_id) = chain_id {
            command.arg(chain_id.to_string());
        }
        let stdout = command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        let stdout = stdout.trim();
        Ok(CryptoHash::from_str(stdout)?)
    }

    /// Runs `linera read-data-blob`.
    pub async fn read_data_blob(&self, hash: CryptoHash, chain_id: Option<ChainId>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut command = self.command().await?;
        command.arg("read-data-blob").arg(hash.to_string());
        if let Some(chain_id) = chain_id {
            command.arg(chain_id.to_string());
        }
        command.spawn_and_wait_for_stdout().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn load_wallet(&self) -> Result<Wallet> {
        Ok(Wallet::read(&self.wallet_path())?)
    }

    pub fn load_keystore(&self) -> Result<InMemorySigner> {
        util::read_json(self.keystore_path())
    }

    pub fn wallet_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.path_provider.path().join(&self.wallet)
    }

    pub fn keystore_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.path_provider.path().join(&self.keystore)
    }

    pub fn storage_path(&self) -> &str {
        &self.storage
    }

    pub fn get_owner(&self) -> Option<AccountOwner> {
        let wallet = self.load_wallet().ok()?;
        wallet
            .get(wallet.default_chain()?)
            .expect("default chain must be in wallet")
            .owner
    }

    pub fn is_chain_present_in_wallet(&self, chain: ChainId) -> bool {
        self.load_wallet()
            .ok()
            .is_some_and(|wallet| wallet.get(chain).is_some())
    }

    pub async fn set_validator(
        &self,
        validator_key: &(String, String),
        port: usize,
        votes: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let address = format!("{}:127.0.0.1:{}", self.network.short(), port);
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("validator")
            .arg("add")
            .args(["--public-key", &validator_key.0])
            .args(["--account-key", &validator_key.1])
            .args(["--address", &address])
            .args(["--votes", &votes.to_string()])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn remove_validator(&self, validator_key: &str) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("validator")
            .arg("remove")
            .args(["--public-key", validator_key])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn change_validators(
        &self,
        add_validators: &[(String, String, usize, usize)], // (public_key, account_key, port, votes)
        modify_validators: &[(String, String, usize, usize)], // (public_key, account_key, port, votes)
        remove_validators: &[String],
    ) -> Result<()> {
        use std::str::FromStr;

        use linera_base::crypto::{AccountPublicKey, ValidatorPublicKey};

        // Build a map that will be serialized to JSON
        // Use the exact types that deserialization expects
        let mut changes = std::collections::HashMap::new();

        // Add/modify validators
        for (public_key_str, account_key_str, port, votes) in
            add_validators.iter().chain(modify_validators.iter())
        {
            let public_key = ValidatorPublicKey::from_str(public_key_str)
                .with_context(|| format!("Invalid validator public key: {}", public_key_str))?;

            let account_key = AccountPublicKey::from_str(account_key_str)
                .with_context(|| format!("Invalid account public key: {}", account_key_str))?;

            let address = format!("{}:127.0.0.1:{}", self.network.short(), port)
                .parse()
                .unwrap();

            // Create ValidatorChange struct
            let change = crate::cli::validator::Change {
                account_key,
                address,
                votes: crate::cli::validator::Votes(
                    std::num::NonZero::new(*votes as u64).context("Votes must be non-zero")?,
                ),
            };

            changes.insert(public_key, Some(change));
        }

        // Remove validators (set to None)
        for validator_key_str in remove_validators {
            let public_key = ValidatorPublicKey::from_str(validator_key_str)
                .with_context(|| format!("Invalid validator public key: {}", validator_key_str))?;
            changes.insert(public_key, None);
        }

        // Create temporary file with JSON
        let temp_file = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new()
            .context("Failed to create temporary file for validator changes")?;
        serde_json::to_writer(&temp_file, &changes)
            .context("Failed to write validator changes to file")?;
        let temp_path = temp_file.path();

        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("validator")
            .arg("update")
            .arg(temp_path)
            .arg("--yes") // Skip confirmation prompt
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;

        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn revoke_epochs(&self, epoch: Epoch) -> Result<()> {
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("revoke-epochs")
            .arg(epoch.to_string())
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera keygen`.
    pub async fn keygen(&self) -> Result<AccountOwner> {
        let stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("keygen")
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        AccountOwner::from_str(stdout.as_str().trim())
    }

    /// Returns the default chain.
    pub fn default_chain(&self) -> Option<ChainId> {
        self.load_wallet().ok()?.default_chain()
    }

    /// Runs `linera assign`.
    pub async fn assign(&self, owner: AccountOwner, chain_id: ChainId) -> Result<()> {
        let _stdout = self
            .command()
            .await?
            .arg("assign")
            .args(["--owner", &owner.to_string()])
            .args(["--chain-id", &chain_id.to_string()])
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Runs `linera set-preferred-owner` for `chain_id`.
    pub async fn set_preferred_owner(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        owner: Option<AccountOwner>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut owner_arg = vec!["--owner".to_string()];
        if let Some(owner) = owner {
            owner_arg.push(owner.to_string());
        };
        self.command()
            .await?
            .arg("set-preferred-owner")
            .args(["--chain-id", &chain_id.to_string()])
            .args(owner_arg)
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn build_application(
        &self,
        path: &Path,
        name: &str,
        is_workspace: bool,
    ) -> Result<(PathBuf, PathBuf)> {
        Command::new("cargo")
            .current_dir(self.path_provider.path())
            .arg("build")
            .arg("--release")
            .args(["--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown"])
            .arg("--manifest-path")
            .arg(path.join("Cargo.toml"))
            .spawn_and_wait_for_stdout()
            .await?;

        let release_dir = match is_workspace {
            true => path.join("../target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release"),
            false => path.join("target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release"),
        };

        let contract = release_dir.join(format!("{}_contract.wasm", name.replace('-', "_")));
        let service = release_dir.join(format!("{}_service.wasm", name.replace('-', "_")));

        let contract_size = fs_err::tokio::metadata(&contract).await?.len();
        let service_size = fs_err::tokio::metadata(&service).await?.len();
        tracing::info!("Done building application {name}: contract_size={contract_size}, service_size={service_size}");

        Ok((contract, service))
    }
}

impl Drop for ClientWrapper {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        use std::process::Command as SyncCommand;

        if self.on_drop != OnClientDrop::CloseChains {
            return;
        }

        let Ok(binary_path) = self.binary_path.lock() else {
            tracing::error!(
                "Failed to close chains because a thread panicked with a lock to `binary_path`"
            );
            return;
        };

        let Some(binary_path) = binary_path.as_ref() else {
            tracing::warn!(
                "Assuming no chains need to be closed, because the command binary was never \
                resolved and therefore presumably never called"
            );
            return;
        };

        let working_directory = self.path_provider.path();
        let mut wallet_show_command = SyncCommand::new(binary_path);

        for argument in self.command_arguments() {
            wallet_show_command.arg(&*argument);
        }

        let Ok(wallet_show_output) = wallet_show_command
            .current_dir(working_directory)
            .args(["wallet", "show", "--short", "--owned"])
            .output()
        else {
            tracing::warn!("Failed to execute `wallet show --short` to list chains to close");
            return;
        };

        if !wallet_show_output.status.success() {
            tracing::warn!("Failed to list chains in the wallet to close them");
            return;
        }

        let Ok(chain_list_string) = String::from_utf8(wallet_show_output.stdout) else {
            tracing::warn!(
                "Failed to close chains because `linera wallet show --short` \
                returned a non-UTF-8 output"
            );
            return;
        };

        let chain_ids = chain_list_string
            .split('\n')
            .map(|line| line.trim())
            .filter(|line| !line.is_empty());

        for chain_id in chain_ids {
            let mut close_chain_command = SyncCommand::new(binary_path);

            for argument in self.command_arguments() {
                close_chain_command.arg(&*argument);
            }

            close_chain_command.current_dir(working_directory);

            match close_chain_command.args(["close-chain", chain_id]).status() {
                Ok(status) if status.success() => (),
                Ok(failure) => tracing::warn!("Failed to close chain {chain_id}: {failure}"),
                Err(error) => tracing::warn!("Failed to close chain {chain_id}: {error}"),
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(with_testing)]
impl ClientWrapper {
    pub async fn build_example(&self, name: &str) -> Result<(PathBuf, PathBuf)> {
        self.build_application(Self::example_path(name)?.as_path(), name, true)
            .await
    }

    pub fn example_path(name: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
        Ok(env::current_dir()?.join("../examples/").join(name))
    }
}

fn truncate_query_output(input: &str) -> String {
    let max_len = 1000;
    if input.len() < max_len {
        input.to_string()
    } else {
        format!("{} ...", input.get(..max_len).unwrap())
    }
}

fn truncate_query_output_serialize<T: Serialize>(query: T) -> String {
    let query = serde_json::to_string(&query).expect("Failed to serialize the failed query");
    let max_len = 200;
    if query.len() < max_len {
        query
    } else {
        format!("{} ...", query.get(..max_len).unwrap())
    }
}

/// A running node service.
/// Logs a warning if a child process has already exited when its wrapper is dropped.
/// On Unix, includes the signal number if the process was killed (e.g. signal 9 = OOM).
fn log_unexpected_exit(child: &mut Child, service_kind: &str, port: u16) {
    match child.try_wait() {
        Ok(Some(status)) => {
            #[cfg(unix)]
            {
                use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt as _;
                if let Some(signal) = status.signal() {
                    tracing::error!(
                        port,
                        signal,
                        "The {service_kind} service was killed by signal {signal}",
                    );
                    return;
                }
            }
            if !status.success() {
                tracing::error!(
                    port,
                    %status,
                    "The {service_kind} service exited unexpectedly with {status}",
                );
            }
        }
        Ok(None) => {} // Still running — normal case when terminate() was called.
        Err(error) => {
            tracing::warn!(
                port,
                %error,
                "Failed to check {service_kind} service status",
            );
        }
    }
}

pub struct NodeService {
    port: u16,
    child: Child,
    terminated: bool,
}

impl Drop for NodeService {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if !self.terminated {
            log_unexpected_exit(&mut self.child, "node", self.port);
        }
    }
}

impl NodeService {
    fn new(port: u16, child: Child) -> Self {
        Self {
            port,
            child,
            terminated: false,
        }
    }

    pub async fn terminate(mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.terminated = true;
        self.child.kill().await.context("terminating node service")
    }

    pub fn port(&self) -> u16 {
        self.port
    }

    pub fn ensure_is_running(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.child.ensure_is_running()
    }

    pub async fn process_inbox(&self, chain_id: &ChainId) -> Result<Vec<CryptoHash>> {
        let query = format!("mutation {{ processInbox(chainId: \"{chain_id}\") }}");
        let mut data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        Ok(serde_json::from_value(data["processInbox"].take())?)
    }

    pub async fn sync(&self, chain_id: &ChainId) -> Result<u64> {
        let query = format!("mutation {{ sync(chainId: \"{chain_id}\") }}");
        let mut data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        Ok(serde_json::from_value(data["sync"].take())?)
    }

    pub async fn transfer(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        owner: AccountOwner,
        recipient: Account,
        amount: Amount,
    ) -> Result<CryptoHash> {
        let json_owner = owner.to_value();
        let json_recipient = recipient.to_value();
        let query = format!(
            "mutation {{ transfer(\
                 chainId: \"{chain_id}\", \
                 owner: {json_owner}, \
                 recipient: {json_recipient}, \
                 amount: \"{amount}\") \
             }}"
        );
        let data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        serde_json::from_value(data["transfer"].clone())
            .context("missing transfer field in response")
    }

    pub async fn balance(&self, account: &Account) -> Result<Amount> {
        let chain = account.chain_id;
        let owner = account.owner;
        if matches!(owner, AccountOwner::CHAIN) {
            let query = format!(
                "query {{ chain(chainId:\"{chain}\") {{
                    executionState {{ system {{ balance }} }}
                }} }}"
            );
            let response = self.query_node(query).await?;
            let balance = &response["chain"]["executionState"]["system"]["balance"]
                .as_str()
                .unwrap();
            return Ok(Amount::from_str(balance)?);
        }
        let query = format!(
            "query {{ chain(chainId:\"{chain}\") {{
                executionState {{ system {{ balances {{
                    entry(key:\"{owner}\") {{ value }}
                }} }} }}
            }} }}"
        );
        let response = self.query_node(query).await?;
        let balances = &response["chain"]["executionState"]["system"]["balances"];
        let balance = balances["entry"]["value"].as_str();
        match balance {
            None => Ok(Amount::ZERO),
            Some(amount) => Ok(Amount::from_str(amount)?),
        }
    }

    pub fn make_application<A: ContractAbi>(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
        application_id: &ApplicationId<A>,
    ) -> Result<ApplicationWrapper<A>> {
        let application_id = application_id.forget_abi().to_string();
        let link = format!(
            "http://localhost:{}/chains/{chain_id}/applications/{application_id}",
            self.port
        );
        Ok(ApplicationWrapper::from(link))
    }

    pub async fn publish_data_blob(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
        bytes: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> Result<CryptoHash> {
        let query = format!(
            "mutation {{ publishDataBlob(chainId: {}, bytes: {}) }}",
            chain_id.to_value(),
            bytes.to_value(),
        );
        let data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        serde_json::from_value(data["publishDataBlob"].clone())
            .context("missing publishDataBlob field in response")
    }

    pub async fn publish_module<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
        contract: PathBuf,
        service: PathBuf,
        vm_runtime: VmRuntime,
    ) -> Result<ModuleId<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>> {
        let contract_code = Bytecode::load_from_file(&contract).await?;
        let service_code = Bytecode::load_from_file(&service).await?;
        let query = format!(
            "mutation {{ publishModule(chainId: {}, contract: {}, service: {}, vmRuntime: {}) }}",
            chain_id.to_value(),
            contract_code.to_value(),
            service_code.to_value(),
            vm_runtime.to_value(),
        );
        let data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        let module_str = data["publishModule"]
            .as_str()
            .context("module ID not found")?;
        let module_id: ModuleId = module_str.parse().context("could not parse module ID")?;
        Ok(module_id.with_abi())
    }

    pub async fn query_committees(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
    ) -> Result<BTreeMap<Epoch, CryptoHash>> {
        let query = format!(
            "query {{ chain(chainId:\"{chain_id}\") {{
                executionState {{ system {{ committees }} }}
            }} }}"
        );
        let mut response = self.query_node(query).await?;
        let committees = response["chain"]["executionState"]["system"]["committees"].take();
        Ok(serde_json::from_value(committees)?)
    }

    pub async fn events_from_index(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
        stream_id: &StreamId,
        start_index: u32,
    ) -> Result<Vec<IndexAndEvent>> {
        let query = format!(
            "query {{
               eventsFromIndex(chainId: \"{chain_id}\", streamId: {}, startIndex: {start_index})
               {{ index event }}
             }}",
            stream_id.to_value()
        );
        let mut response = self.query_node(query).await?;
        let response = response["eventsFromIndex"].take();
        Ok(serde_json::from_value(response)?)
    }

    pub async fn query_node(&self, query: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Value> {
        let n_try = 5;
        let query = query.as_ref();
        for i in 0..n_try {
            linera_base::time::timer::sleep(Duration::from_secs(i)).await;
            let url = format!("http://localhost:{}/", self.port);
            let client = reqwest_client();
            let result = client
                .post(url)
                .json(&json!({ "query": query }))
                .send()
                .await;
            if matches!(result, Err(ref error) if error.is_timeout()) {
                tracing::warn!(
                    "Timeout when sending query {} to the node service",
                    truncate_query_output(query)
                );
                continue;
            }
            let response = result.with_context(|| {
                format!(
                    "query_node: failed to post query={}",
                    truncate_query_output(query)
                )
            })?;
            ensure!(
                response.status().is_success(),
                "Query \"{}\" failed: {}",
                truncate_query_output(query),
                response
                    .text()
                    .await
                    .unwrap_or_else(|error| format!("Could not get response text: {error}"))
            );
            let value: Value = response.json().await.context("invalid JSON")?;
            if let Some(errors) = value.get("errors") {
                tracing::warn!(
                    "Query \"{}\" failed: {}",
                    truncate_query_output(query),
                    errors
                );
            } else {
                return Ok(value["data"].clone());
            }
        }
        bail!(
            "Query \"{}\" failed after {} retries.",
            truncate_query_output(query),
            n_try
        );
    }

    pub async fn create_application<
        Abi: ContractAbi,
        Parameters: Serialize,
        InstantiationArgument: Serialize,
    >(
        &self,
        chain_id: &ChainId,
        module_id: &ModuleId<Abi, Parameters, InstantiationArgument>,
        parameters: &Parameters,
        argument: &InstantiationArgument,
        required_application_ids: &[ApplicationId],
    ) -> Result<ApplicationId<Abi>> {
        let module_id = module_id.forget_abi();
        let json_required_applications_ids = required_application_ids
            .iter()
            .map(ApplicationId::to_string)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .to_value();
        // Convert to `serde_json::Value` then `async_graphql::Value` via the trait `InputType`.
        let new_parameters = serde_json::to_value(parameters)
            .context("could not create parameters JSON")?
            .to_value();
        let new_argument = serde_json::to_value(argument)
            .context("could not create argument JSON")?
            .to_value();
        let query = format!(
            "mutation {{ createApplication(\
                 chainId: \"{chain_id}\",
                 moduleId: \"{module_id}\", \
                 parameters: {new_parameters}, \
                 instantiationArgument: {new_argument}, \
                 requiredApplicationIds: {json_required_applications_ids}) \
             }}"
        );
        let data = self.query_node(query).await?;
        let app_id_str = data["createApplication"]
            .as_str()
            .context("missing createApplication string in response")?
            .trim();
        Ok(app_id_str
            .parse::<ApplicationId>()
            .context("invalid application ID")?
            .with_abi())
    }

    /// Obtains the hash and height of the `chain`'s tip block, as known by this node service.
    pub async fn chain_tip(&self, chain: ChainId) -> Result<Option<(CryptoHash, BlockHeight)>> {
        let query = format!(
            r#"query {{ block(chainId: "{chain}") {{
                hash
                block {{ header {{ height }} }}
            }} }}"#
        );

        let mut response = self.query_node(&query).await?;

        match (
            mem::take(&mut response["block"]["hash"]),
            mem::take(&mut response["block"]["block"]["header"]["height"]),
        ) {
            (Value::Null, Value::Null) => Ok(None),
            (Value::String(hash), Value::Number(height)) => Ok(Some((
                hash.parse()
                    .context("Received an invalid hash {hash:?} for chain tip")?,
                BlockHeight(height.as_u64().unwrap()),
            ))),
            invalid_data => bail!("Expected a tip hash string, but got {invalid_data:?} instead"),
        }
    }

    /// Subscribes to the node service and returns a stream of notifications about a chain.
    pub async fn notifications(
        &self,
        chain_id: ChainId,
    ) -> Result<Pin<Box<impl Stream<Item = Result<Notification>>>>> {
        let query = format!("subscription {{ notifications(chainId: \"{chain_id}\") }}",);
        let url = format!("ws://localhost:{}/ws", self.port);
        let mut request = url.into_client_request()?;
        request.headers_mut().insert(
            "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol",
            HeaderValue::from_str("graphql-transport-ws")?,
        );
        let (mut websocket, _) = async_tungstenite::tokio::connect_async(request).await?;
        let init_json = json!({
          "type": "connection_init",
          "payload": {}
        });
        websocket.send(init_json.to_string().into()).await?;
        let text = websocket
            .next()
            .await
            .context("Failed to establish connection")??
            .into_text()?;
        ensure!(
            text == "{\"type\":\"connection_ack\"}",
            "Unexpected response: {text}"
        );
        let query_json = json!({
          "id": "1",
          "type": "start",
          "payload": {
            "query": query,
            "variables": {},
            "operationName": null
          }
        });
        websocket.send(query_json.to_string().into()).await?;
        Ok(Box::pin(websocket.map_err(anyhow::Error::from).and_then(
            |message| async {
                let text = message.into_text()?;
                let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).context("invalid JSON")?;
                if let Some(errors) = value["payload"].get("errors") {
                    bail!("Notification subscription failed: {errors:?}");
                }
                serde_json::from_value(value["payload"]["data"]["notifications"].clone())
                    .context("Failed to deserialize notification")
            },
        )))
    }

    /// Subscribes to query results via the `queryResult` GraphQL subscription.
    pub async fn query_result(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        chain_id: ChainId,
        application_id: &ApplicationId,
    ) -> Result<Pin<Box<impl Stream<Item = Result<Value>>>>> {
        let query = format!(
            r#"subscription {{ queryResult(name: "{name}", chainId: "{chain_id}", applicationId: "{application_id}") }}"#,
        );
        let url = format!("ws://localhost:{}/ws", self.port);
        let mut request = url.into_client_request()?;
        request.headers_mut().insert(
            "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol",
            HeaderValue::from_str("graphql-transport-ws")?,
        );
        let (mut websocket, _) = async_tungstenite::tokio::connect_async(request).await?;
        let init_json = json!({
          "type": "connection_init",
          "payload": {}
        });
        websocket.send(init_json.to_string().into()).await?;
        let text = websocket
            .next()
            .await
            .context("Failed to establish connection")??
            .into_text()?;
        ensure!(
            text == "{\"type\":\"connection_ack\"}",
            "Unexpected response: {text}"
        );
        let query_json = json!({
          "id": "1",
          "type": "start",
          "payload": {
            "query": query,
            "variables": {},
            "operationName": null
          }
        });
        websocket.send(query_json.to_string().into()).await?;
        Ok(Box::pin(websocket.map_err(anyhow::Error::from).and_then(
            |message| async {
                let text = message.into_text()?;
                let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).context("invalid JSON")?;
                if let Some(errors) = value["payload"].get("errors") {
                    bail!("Query result subscription failed: {errors:?}");
                }
                Ok(value["payload"]["data"]["queryResult"].clone())
            },
        )))
    }
}

/// A running faucet service.
pub struct FaucetService {
    port: u16,
    child: Child,
    _temp_dir: tempfile::TempDir,
    terminated: bool,
}

impl Drop for FaucetService {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if !self.terminated {
            log_unexpected_exit(&mut self.child, "faucet", self.port);
        }
    }
}

impl FaucetService {
    fn new(port: u16, child: Child, temp_dir: tempfile::TempDir) -> Self {
        Self {
            port,
            child,
            _temp_dir: temp_dir,
            terminated: false,
        }
    }

    pub async fn terminate(mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.terminated = true;
        self.child
            .kill()
            .await
            .context("terminating faucet service")
    }

    pub fn ensure_is_running(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.child.ensure_is_running()
    }

    pub fn instance(&self) -> Faucet {
        Faucet::new(format!("http://localhost:{}/", self.port))
    }
}

/// A running `Application` to be queried in GraphQL.
pub struct ApplicationWrapper<A> {
    uri: String,
    _phantom: PhantomData<A>,
}

impl<A> ApplicationWrapper<A> {
    pub async fn run_graphql_query(&self, query: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Value> {
        let query = query.as_ref();
        let value = self.run_json_query(json!({ "query": query })).await?;
        Ok(value["data"].clone())
    }

    pub async fn run_json_query<T: Serialize>(&self, query: T) -> Result<Value> {
        const MAX_RETRIES: usize = 5;

        for i in 0.. {
            let client = reqwest_client();
            let result = client.post(&self.uri).json(&query).send().await;
            let response = match result {
                Ok(response) => response,
                Err(error) if i < MAX_RETRIES => {
                    tracing::warn!(
                        "Failed to post query \"{}\": {error}; retrying",
                        truncate_query_output_serialize(&query),
                    );
                    continue;
                }
                Err(error) => {
                    let query = truncate_query_output_serialize(&query);
                    return Err(error)
                        .with_context(|| format!("run_json_query: failed to post query={query}"));
                }
            };
            ensure!(
                response.status().is_success(),
                "Query \"{}\" failed: {}",
                truncate_query_output_serialize(&query),
                response
                    .text()
                    .await
                    .unwrap_or_else(|error| format!("Could not get response text: {error}"))
            );
            let value: Value = response.json().await.context("invalid JSON")?;
            if let Some(errors) = value.get("errors") {
                bail!(
                    "Query \"{}\" failed: {}",
                    truncate_query_output_serialize(&query),
                    errors
                );
            }
            return Ok(value);
        }
        unreachable!()
    }

    pub async fn query(&self, query: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Value> {
        let query = query.as_ref();
        self.run_graphql_query(&format!("query {{ {query} }}"))
            .await
    }

    pub async fn query_json<T: DeserializeOwned>(&self, query: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<T> {
        let query = query.as_ref().trim();
        let name = query
            .split_once(|ch: char| !ch.is_alphanumeric())
            .map_or(query, |(name, _)| name);
        let data = self.query(query).await?;
        serde_json::from_value(data[name].clone())
            .with_context(|| format!("{name} field missing in response"))
    }

    pub async fn mutate(&self, mutation: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Value> {
        let mutation = mutation.as_ref();
        self.run_graphql_query(&format!("mutation {{ {mutation} }}"))
            .await
    }

    pub async fn multiple_mutate(&self, mutations: &[String]) -> Result<Value> {
        let mut out = String::from("mutation {\n");
        for (index, mutation) in mutations.iter().enumerate() {
            out = format!("{}  u{}: {}\n", out, index, mutation);
        }
        out.push_str("}\n");
        self.run_graphql_query(&out).await
    }
}

impl<A> From<String> for ApplicationWrapper<A> {
    fn from(uri: String) -> ApplicationWrapper<A> {
        ApplicationWrapper {
            uri,
            _phantom: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

/// Returns the timeout for tests that wait for notifications, either read from the env
/// variable `LINERA_TEST_NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS`, or the default value of 10 seconds.
#[cfg(with_testing)]
fn notification_timeout() -> Duration {
    const NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_ENV: &str = "LINERA_TEST_NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS";
    const NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_DEFAULT: u64 = 10_000;

    match env::var(NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_ENV) {
        Ok(var) => Duration::from_millis(var.parse().unwrap_or_else(|error| {
            panic!("{NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_ENV} is not a valid number: {error}")
        })),
        Err(env::VarError::NotPresent) => Duration::from_millis(NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_DEFAULT),
        Err(env::VarError::NotUnicode(_)) => {
            panic!("{NOTIFICATION_TIMEOUT_MS_ENV} must be valid Unicode")
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(with_testing)]
pub trait NotificationsExt {
    /// Waits for a notification for which `f` returns `Some(t)`, and returns `t`.
    fn wait_for<T>(
        &mut self,
        f: impl FnMut(Notification) -> Option<T>,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<T>>;

    /// Waits for a `NewEvents` notification for the given block height. If no height is specified,
    /// any height is accepted.
    fn wait_for_events(
        &mut self,
        expected_height: impl Into<Option<BlockHeight>>,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<BTreeSet<StreamId>>> {
        let expected_height = expected_height.into();
        self.wait_for(move |notification| {
            if let Reason::NewEvents {
                height,
                event_streams,
                ..
            } = notification.reason
            {
                if expected_height.is_none_or(|h| h == height) {
                    return Some(event_streams);
                }
            }
            None
        })
    }

    /// Waits for a `NewBlock` notification for the given block height. If no height is specified,
    /// any height is accepted.
    fn wait_for_block(
        &mut self,
        expected_height: impl Into<Option<BlockHeight>>,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<CryptoHash>> {
        let expected_height = expected_height.into();
        self.wait_for(move |notification| {
            if let Reason::NewBlock { height, hash, .. } = notification.reason {
                if expected_height.is_none_or(|h| h == height) {
                    return Some(hash);
                }
            }
            None
        })
    }

    /// Waits for a `NewIncomingBundle` notification for the given sender chain and sender block
    /// height. If no height is specified, any height is accepted.
    fn wait_for_bundle(
        &mut self,
        expected_origin: ChainId,
        expected_height: impl Into<Option<BlockHeight>>,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<()>> {
        let expected_height = expected_height.into();
        self.wait_for(move |notification| {
            if let Reason::NewIncomingBundle { height, origin } = notification.reason {
                if expected_height.is_none_or(|h| h == height) && origin == expected_origin {
                    return Some(());
                }
            }
            None
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(with_testing)]
impl<S: Stream<Item = Result<Notification>>> NotificationsExt for Pin<Box<S>> {
    async fn wait_for<T>(&mut self, mut f: impl FnMut(Notification) -> Option<T>) -> Result<T> {
        let mut timeout = Box::pin(linera_base::time::timer::sleep(notification_timeout())).fuse();
        loop {
            let notification = futures::select! {
                () = timeout => bail!("Timeout waiting for notification"),
                notification = self.next().fuse() => notification.context("Stream closed")??,
            };
            if let Some(t) = f(notification) {
                return Ok(t);
            }
        }
    }
}